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Please join this blog. Ask any question, seek clarification on issues pertaining to reading and writing across the curriculum or make a suggestion. Anyone can answer these questions. This blog will be used as part of your assessment.
Something to consider for upcoming classes.
Think of your favourite topic that you would like to teach.
Use strategies to teach this topic at the mechanical and upper levels.
I will be calling on you to demonstrate.
Tell me what you would do Before, During and After teaching.
Respond to the following by the end of the Week 2
Define Reading (10 marks)
- Put your full name before you begin your paragraph.
- Compose a paragraph (no more than 10 sentences) on what reading entails.
- Include at least two quotes and follow APA rules like Gunning (2006).
- Do not plagiarise or else you will get zero.
- Compose your paragraph in Microsoft Word first; copy and paste it in the comments section. Then click on publish.
Memorable Sample
Reading can be
defined as a cognitive way of comprehending, analyzing or grasping information.
Hughes (2007) posited that “Reading is an interactive, problem-solving process
of making meaning from texts.” The purpose of reading must be determined as
this will allow the reader to concentrate on the information he or she is trying to
acquire. Reading is a developmental process which involves the transfer of
previous knowledge, as the reader can use this strategy to understand what is
being read. In essence, this adds meaning to the text, all while allowing the
reader to possibly discovering new words. As Leipzig (2001) pointed out,
reading is making meaning from print. It requires that we: identify the words
in print- a process called word recognition, construct an understanding from
them- a process called comprehension and co-ordinate identifying words and
making meaning so that reading is automatic and accurate-an achievement called
fluency. Simply put, reading is the primary stage of gaining
understanding. ̴Annick Lake
You can use pictures or diagrams in your journals.
The journal is now worth 30%.
Reflect on everything teachers!
Every writer has a place they would love for you to be, but it is the readers job to see the message between the letters and guide the mind effectively, but what is reading? Reading is a highly complex cognitive process whereby a person interprets written or printed letters into speech in an effort to construct or derive meaning. The concept of reading; becomes complex because it’s a direct yet indirect interaction between the text and the reader; as this is shaped by the readers prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and cultural surroundings. Rhaveare may read a paper that speaks towards a young child 15 being married to an older man 40, his direct response is disgust because of his indirect thoughts that surround this ideal. Given this, he finds this act absurd and out of order since within his culture, knowledge and experiences, this type of action is frowned upon while. However, Raphia reading the same text from a news clip would have had a more positive direct and indirect attitude as she has been surrounded by this normalcy within her culture and her interpretation of the reader as well as her understanding of the occurrences will be of that of the same breath that the speaker did speak. Because reading is such as complex process, it cannot be controlled or restricted to one or two interpretations.
ReplyDeleteA very good effort Devrin, but you know Mrs. Samuel likes to see at least one quote from an authoritative source. Also, because you said “writer” in the first sentence, please ensure that you change "they" (plural) to he or she (singular) and use your apostrophe (') like reader's or readers' job. The sentence that begins, "The concept of reading..." should be attributed to a source. Tweak this paragraph for me next class. If you can remember this information going into the exam and use it when necessary, I would be extremely happy. A very good effort!
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DeleteEvery writer has a place they would love for you to be, but it is the readers job to see the message between the letters and guide the mind effectively, but what is reading? Dechant (1991) stated that reading is a visual process that begins with ones’ ability to interpret graphic symbols. I’ve grown to understand that reading is a highly complex cognitive process by which a person interprets written or printed letters into speech in an effort to construct or derive meaning from the author. There’re has been according to chall’s research six stages of reading beginning at age 0-6 years of age; Pre – Reading through to 18 years and above; Construct and Deconstruction stage. Because reading is such a complex process, it cannot be controlled or restricted to one or two interpretations.
DeleteReading can be defined as a cognitive way of comprehending, analyzing or grasping information. Hughes (2007) posited that “Reading is an interactive, problem-solving process of making meaning from texts.” The purpose of reading must be determined as this will allow the reader to concentrate on the information they are trying to acquire. Reading is a developmental process which involves the transfer of previous knowledge, as the reader can use this strategy to understand what is being read. In essence, this adds meaning to the text, all while allowing the reader to possibly discovering new words. Leipzig (2001) believes reading is making meaning from print. It requires that we: identify the words in print- a process called word recognition, construct an understanding from them- a process called comprehension and co-ordinate identifying words and making meaning so that reading is automatic and accurate- an achievement called fluency. Simply put, reading is the primary stage of gaining understanding.
ReplyDeleteWow! Annick, this is exceptional. Everyone please pay attention to the PURPOSE of reading. People read for different purposes. For example, proof readers read for grammatical and typographical errors, secondary students studying for an exam read efferently (to take away information), while children read fairytale books aesthetically (for pleasure). Therefore, Annick you are spot on, reading varies depending on the purpose. The quotations are also quite appropriate because reading should indeed be interactive and you nicely summarized a few of the means (like word-recognition and comprehension) to attain the ultimate goal of reading, which is to make meaning…Just one recommendation, rather than say “Leipzig (2001) believes...” use either pointed out, noted, insisted, or asserted. This is one I will keep for the record. Keep up the good work Annick! Pay attention to the feedback I have given you. I have included some new concepts like efferent and aesthetic reading. Ensure you understand these concepts. Great job!
DeleteNoted with thanks.
DeleteThere is no one definition of reading,according to Sandhu (n.d)Reading is defined as a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at meaning. Reading is an active process of constructing meanings of words. Reading with a purpose helps the reader to direct information towards a goal and focuses their attention. Therefore I aligned my belief with Leipzig (2001) which suggest that “Reading is a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.” The ability to read is much more than just calling words which is the mechanical level (the lowest conceptual level of reading) , it involves the ability to understand the literal meaning of what they are reading. The reader should be able to read out loud and read what their words is on the page with emotions, as if the words on the page are their words, this is the second conceptual level of reading. Reading also invokes feeling, being able to relate to the material by viewing them through their own experiences, this is the third level of reading. The final conceptual level of reading is where an individual has a clear purpose for reading. This type of reading is the most profound of the different reading levels. This is also known as the latent level of reading. By knowing the levels of reading we are able to understand what reading is at each level and how to move on to the other stages for more efficient reading.
ReplyDeleteHi Ertrecia! Thank you for responding ahead of the due date. You have a very good paragraph but I will edit parts of it for you by combining the first three sentences. “Despite the multitude of definitions of reading, this active, cognitive progress involves decoding symbols and constructing meaning.” I like the use of the conceptual levels of reading, but rather than making each sound like a definition, you can state, for example, “Reading has various conceptual levels, which range from the mechanical or lowest level of calling words to that esteemed level of proficient reading.” As you mentioned, it is indeed a multifaceted process that involves a variety of stimulating activities to keep children engaged and help them progress from Chall’s Emergent phase to the ideal Stage 5. Tweak your response for Monday. Most of the information will remain; just make it a little more concise.
DeleteReading is an often misinterpreted term. The misinterpretation lies where people are of the opinion that once a person can fluently enunciate the words of a passage,they are deemed as an excellent readers. However reading is much more than that. It is further concerned with understanding the meaning of the words presented in the passage. When an individual understands what they read, it helps them to develop purpose and with purpose they are better able to attain their goals and have focus. Similiar to my interpretation of reading Denise Henry Leipzip stated that reading is multifaceted process involving word recognition,comprehension,fluency and motivation Leipzip (2001). It is the alignment printed or written words or symbols into speech. Reading is a skill that is essential for the attainment of better life and a skill that all individuals should possess.
ReplyDeleteReading is a concept that is indeed misinterpreted quite often Genhea. I like your beginning. No need for the full name "Denise..." Try to get a quote that you believe no one will use to make your paragraph unique. When you use the author's name at the end of the sentence, it should look like this, (Leipzig, 2001). You mentioned Leipzig, but how important is Chall's work on the stages of reading development? I also like your ending, "Reading is a skill that is essential for the attainment of better life and a skill that all individuals should possess." Reading is indeed a life skill. Make the minor changes and get ready for Monday. Ensure if I call on you, you can remember what reading entails in five or more sentences.
ReplyDeleteValerie Dyer
ReplyDelete“If you don't have time to read, you don't have the time (or the tools) to write. Simple as that.”
Stephen King
Reading is a critical aspect of learning and development that entails the recognition of symbols, letters that form words, and words that form sentences that has meaning. Reading can be defined as a creative process of interaction between reader and text. Reading develops the imagination,fosters the ability to make connections and predictions and develops language skills.Good reading skills improve spelling. According to Hughes (2007) as students learn to sound out letters and words, spelling becomes easier. Also, reading helps to expand the vocabulary.Reading new words puts them in their mind for later use. Seeing how words are used in different contexts can give a better understanding of the word usage and its definitions rather than just the cold facts of a dictionary (Hughes,2007)
Simple as that Valerie! Quite an interesting paragraph you have there. That opening quotation is worth remembering. Make it the first sentence in your paragraph. Good job!
DeleteMany are of the notion that reading is a simple skill taught in the first few years of schooling, where individuals are able to identify and pronounce words. According to schoenbach et al (2012) reading is not a straightforward process of merely lifting words off the page, rather it is a complex process of problem solving in which the reader works to make sense of a text not just from the words and sentences on the page but also from the ideas, memories, and knowledge evoked by those words and sentences. Chall (1996) shared a similar sentiment where she theorized that reading is a process represented through her six stages of reading development. Chall’s stages of reading development aligns age ranges with fundamental reading skills, which suggests that reading skills build upon one another and develop in succession. Chall’s stages begin manifest levels of reading where individuals are reading what is on the surface and progresses through to latent levels where individual goes deeper than the surface and draw conclusions based on evidence presented. Therefore, it is evident that reading does not only involve word recognition but also comprehension where individuals make sense of words, sentences and connected. Mariam (1991) proposed that a major avenue of learning is through reading. Yet, if we do not understand what we are reading, we cannot learn or remember it. Comprehending is a major concerned, then, of all teachers who use printed material in the classroom.
ReplyDeleteHello there! An excellent effort Leticia! The language is quite elevated, which makes it more interesting. Re-read for minor errors: schoenbach (capitalize first letter), et al. (put period after the letter l, connected... I am quite impressed. try and remember this content for Monday. Again, an excellent effort!
DeleteReading can be defined as the ability or the process to call, interpret and understand words or symbols. It can also be validated that reading is an interactive, problem-solving process of making meaning from texts. When an individual read, they use their eyes to receive written symbols such as letters, punctuation marks and spaces and they use their brain to convert them into words, sentences and paragraphs that communicates. Reading is a complex interaction between the text, the reader and the purposes for reading, which are often shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge and experiences (Dr. Janette M. Hughes, n.d.). There are also various levels of reading including the manifest level where the individual reads what is apparent and the latent level which includes the individual going beyond what is seen on the surface (Johnson, 1973). Additionally according to Chall 1983, she states that there are 6 stages of reading development. Which begins with stage 0 ( pre-reading) between the age 6 months to 6 years where the child pretends to read and tells stories. Reading development ends at stage 5 (construction and reconstruction) 18 years onward where reading is used for one’s own personal or professional purpose.
ReplyDeleteGood work Mignette! Please tweak and make a few corrections. I have made some for you already: individual reads, he or she uses...According to Chall (1983), there are..., which begins. The first two sentences are superb. Get ready for Monday.
ReplyDeleteAccording to Sandhu (2017), reading is defined as a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at meaning. It is an active process of constructing meanings of words. Smith (1995) defines it as an interactive process in which the reader's prior knowledge of the world interacts with the message conveyed directly or indirectly by the text. Reading is not just the ability to call words but the ability to read and comprehend what was read. The comprehension of written texts requires interpretation of language in print form.
ReplyDeleteThank you Odel! Remember to use past tense, Smith (1995) defined. In what way does Chall's stages of reading development helps us to better understand the process? Try to incorporate this into your paragraph for Monday. Thanks once again for a very good post!
ReplyDeleteReading can be defined as a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at meaning (Sandhu R, 2003). Reading does not only involve the calling of words, but it requires the reader to first recognise the purpose in which he will be reading in order for him to select the appropriate materials. Sandhu R. states “reading with a purpose helps the reader to direct information towards a goal and focuses their attention.” They are six stages involved in one’s reading development according to Challs (1996). These spans from stage 0 (pre-read - 6mths to 6yrs) to stage 5 (construction and reconstruction - 18yrs and beyond), but some persons never successfully complete each stage. Although the purpose for reading may vary, the main idea should be to understand the text for the purpose of gathering information or forming some form of conclusion. Reading also allows a person to think, strategize and use prior knowledge to find meanings of words based on the context it is used, while making sense of the information presented. Reading is done on two level; the manifest level (what is seen on the surface) or the latent level (where conclusions are made based on evidence). Most persons have difficulties reading on the latent level because of a limited vocabulary. Persons should encourage one another to become good readers, so that they can enjoy the many benefits that comes with reading. William Styron stated, “a great book should leave you with many experiences, and slightly exhausted at the end. You live several lives while reading.”
ReplyDeleteRupert Francis
A good paragraph Rupert but remember the following: (Sandhu, 2003)...Chall (1996)...span...pre-reading...some persons never successfully progress to each stage...Styron (date missing). What a good quote that is! Please polish.
DeleteMartin (n.d) asserted ‘a reader live a thousand lives before he dies, a man who never reads only live once’. Smith (1973) claimed ‘reading is an act of communication in which information is transferred from a transmitter to a receiver. Reading is not just the ability to call words, but it is a mental process. It is the knowledge or understanding of the latent level after one would have read something. According to Karami (2008) pointed ‘Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning. Readers read to get information from printed pages. There are six development stages of reading according to Chall (1996) which begins at Pre Reading or stage 0 and ends at Literacy or stage 5.
ReplyDeleteA good effort Telishia but please take note of the following: avoid using quotations with no dates, use quotes from credible texts or the manual that you got in class....Karami (2008) pointed out...I am happy that you mentioned Chall, but you also need to state the importance of Chall's stages. For example, because of Chall's (1996) seminal work, we recognize that reading is a complex process that necessitates constant reinforcement and teachers who are cognizant of that process. Now polish up this paragraph for me.
DeleteSamantha Johnson
ReplyDeleteReading is a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation. (Leipzig, 2001). It is a body of knowledge in which information is being transfer to the mind by recalling, analyzing and retaining. Individuals should have a purpose for reading in order for the knowledge to be gain and retain. Reading can be done base on what is seen on the surface and by drawing conclusion based on evidence. According to Chall, (1996), “the conventional wisdom of reading is that children should read for meaning from the start, use content and picture clues to identify words after learning about fifty words as sight words, and induce letter- sound correspondences from these words”. Reading at different age levels should be done to suite the amount of information the brain can attain at that level. Reading is simply a concept of acquiring information rather than just calling words.
Samantha, that's a very good quote from Chall. Try and memorize it for the exam. Please note the following: multifaceted process, which involves...No full stop after motivation...being transferred...knowledge to be gained and retained....to suit the amount...Good effort, but pay attention to grammatical structure.
DeleteDijonya Roberts
ReplyDeleteIs reading just the ability to call words and symbols or is it more? Leipzig (2001) defined reading as a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency and motivation. However, the complex process of reading also requires the skill of speaking, so that we can pronounce the words that we read. In this sense, reading is also a productive skill in that we are both receiving information and transmitting it. Baker and Brown (1948) posited that effective or expert readers are strategic. This means that they have purposes for their reading and adjust their reading to each purpose and for each reading task. Strategic readers use a variety of strategies and skills as they construct meaning (Paris, Wasik, & Turner, 1991). Reading is a simple way to bring words to life and evoke feelings and meaning to an individual.
Dijonya, a very good beginning, but try and find another excellent quote like Baker and Browne. Leipzig is overused. Also note: productive skill; it involves the transmission and reception of information...Yes, Dijonya, successful readers are indeed strategic since they have a purpose for reading and can extract the information they need. Again, another excellent use of quoting, "Strategic readers use a variety of strategies and skills as they construct meaning (Paris, Wasik, & Turner, 1991)." Simply put, "Reading is a simple way to bring words to life and evoke feelings and meaning to an individual." Replace the Leipzig quote with a better one and make the minor corrections and you will have a superb paragraph. Great job!
DeleteWhat is reading? Where does it start? How can it be done well? Joseph Addison stated that "reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body." According to Leipzig (2018) reading is a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation. Reading is an essential element of the developmental process of a child. Chall (1996) stated a child goes through six stages of reading development ranging from pre-reading to construction and reconstruction stage. Although many assume the ability to "call words" constitutes a good reader, reading consists of much more. The ability to go beyond the manifest level of reading to the latent level truly distinguishes between a good reader and a struggling one. Reading therefore requires the reader to absorb the content and understand beyond just the surface meaning.
ReplyDeleteShivawn, you used a very good quote from Addison. Try and source the date....Replace the Leipzig quote; it is overused. Briefly state the importance of Chall's stages to teachers and parents. Än excellent ending Shivawn! "Reading therefore requires the reader to absorb the content and understand beyond just the surface meaning."
DeleteDr Seuss states “The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you'll go,” reading is a concept that goes beyond calling out words, it is the ability to understand. Reading falls under several levels such as the Mechanical level (Lowest), the literal meaning, active outgoing and the personal level. There are two additional levels of reading, the Manifest Level which is How things appear and the latent level which is what you are able to infer. Reading has 6 stages (stage 0-5) each stage caters for a different age group from birth to eighteen and above. According to Kofi Annan Literacy is a bridge from Misery to hope, reading is essential for one’s success as improves understanding, exposes you to new things and boasts your imagination and creativity.
ReplyDeleteSorry for the late response Hosea. Hosea you have some excellent quotes and they are all relevant to this quote, but I would like you to tell me how Chall's stages of reading development fit into this course. That means, tell me how important those stages are to teachers and even parents. Quote from Chall as well and once you do that you will realize that reading is surpasses calling words and recognizing symbols. It is a complex process that "boosts your imagination and creativity," according to Kofi Annan. Reading enhances the teaching-learning process. A good effort! Prepare for the test tomorrow.
DeleteThere are tremendous powers and pleasures of literacy, which provides instruction in the skills that, will help individuals to read well. What is reading? Reading may be simple defined as a mental process. Brunan W.K (1989) for instance defines reading as a two way interaction in which information is exchange between the reader and the author". Smith (1973) also shares the same attitude he stated that “reading is an act of communication in which information is transferred from a transmitter to a receiver". During one’s cognitive development, the brain is triggered with new thought which adds to one’s previous knowledge along with clues from the interaction with text to construct new meaning.
ReplyDeleteMoreover, in order to grasp a lucid idea of what reading is one must understand the various levels of a reader. The mechanical level also known as the lowest level focuses on reading as an interpretation of printed or written symbols into speech. For example children between the ages of 0 to 6 you may find that they are least concerned with the meaning of the passage. The literal meaning stage, focuses on the reader not only read aloud the words on the page, but can read to them in the same way as if they had been spoken to them. Furthermore we can simple state since reading is very essential; a great effort is needed to enhance cognitively to become proficient reading development.
A good effort Katrin! Just a few recommendations: pleasures of literacy, which provide instruction to bolster reading skills....Yes reading is indeed a mental process....Brunan (1989) defined....Smith (1973) also shared...The mechanical or lowest level of reading focuses...For example, children in Chall's (1996) Pre-reading or Emergent stage are...simply state....Avoid using so many connectives like furthermore and moreover for a single paragraph. Tweak for me as soon as possible.
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ReplyDeleteHi Concella, please note the following: Sandhu, Dr. Seuss, Tomi De Pablo, JK Rowling (source dates). Quote more from authoritative sources who would have researched or published articles on reading. I am glad that you indicated reading is a process that sometimes necessitates readers to unearth information that goes beyond the manifest level. TI must say the quotes by Seuss and Rowling are quite good. Tweak for me.
DeleteSandhu claimed that reading is a mental process that entails interpreting symbols to find a meaning. Dr. Seuss ensures “[t]he more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go. Reading with a reason allows the reader to direct information towards an aim. Reading is not just an action but a process that exhibits growth over time. Reading can be done not just to understand words or be informed of a situation, but to find out the depth of information and the underlying truth about situations and characters. Reading skills develop based on age and assistance through a number of levels and stages, it can be observed and measured. This can be seen from Chall’s Stages of Reading Development. Chall (1996) believed that a person’s fundamental reading skills are associated with their age, which implies that reading skills build one another and develop in succession. Reading is important as persons can understand more about the world around them. Tomi De Pablo said “Reading is important because if you can read, you can learn anything about everything and everything about anything.” It is so important that children who are not old enough to read are usually read to. JK Rowlings stated “I will defend the importance of bedtime stories to my last grasp” Chall’s summarized that “the learning and uses of literacy are among the most advanced forms of intelligence and compared to other forms, depend more on instruction and practice.”
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ReplyDeleteRon, while the information on the benefits of journal writing is important, this forum requires that you write a paragraph about what reading means to you.
DeleteA personal analysis of the concept of reading would conclude that the more a person reads, is the more their eyes become open to other opinions, cultures and personalities; making them a conscious individual. Dr. Seuss posited, “The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.” In essence, the writer points to the importance of ‘Reading to learn’, Chall (2006), and how fundamental it is to human development. According to Chall (1996), Reading is a continuously developing ability that emerges from a child’s experience with oral language and print and that grows and expands as the child progresses through the grades. She also believed that reading can be divided into stages and phases.
DeleteMany people believe the term reading refers to a person's ability to call written words aloud. However, upon doing research, it is understood that reading is a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation (Leipzig 2001). It is the ability to gain an understanding or put meaning to written words. Reading is unfolding curiosity of stories, satisfying the crave for knowledge and retrieving the answers for questions. This is an important part of life, necessary for our development as humans; this is seen through the various stages of Chall's 6 Stages of Reading Development.
ReplyDeleteThanks Ameira for responding. Explain how Chall's stages of reading development are critical to parents and teachers. Leipzig's quote is overused. Replace it with a better one. Use authoritative sources. Also use direct quotations to indicate the exact words of authors or individuals. Polish up!
DeleteThe Mississippi College in the online article,Importance of Reading for Elementary students, states children begin the process of learning to read long before entering school. The article also suggested that reading and teaching children to read is a complex process. Reading does not only mean being able to identify words on a page. Good readers can make inferences and comprehend what is being read. According to Chall's (1996), there are six stages of development that are entirely consistent with the stages of instruction that constitute the direct instruction model which is advocated. The levels begins from stage zero pre- reading to the final stage construction and reconstruction. It can therefore be concluded that reading is a multifaceted process that involves word recognition,comprehension,fluency and motivation.
ReplyDeleteThanks Kiana for re-posting. Just a few suggestions: Put the name of the articlein inverted commas... According to Chall...The levels begin...stage 0....Briefly explain the value of Chall's seminal work on the stages of reading development to teachers and even parents. A source is needed for the last sentence. Tweak for me and get ready for Thursday's test.
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ReplyDeleteI am quite impressed with this paragraph, but a few suggestions: approach, according...no need to capitalize multifaceted...Chall is a woman...A commendable effort Lyandra! I love the opening, "Most children are not natural born readers. In fact, reading is not a naturally occurring skill at all, but rather a complex process that requires a careful and systematic instructional approach according to the research gathered by the National Reading Panel. It is dependent upon a number of factors including a child’s world knowledge, vocabulary and memory skills."
ReplyDeleteMost children are not natural born readers. In fact, reading is not a naturally occurring skill at all, but rather a complex process that requires a careful and systematic instructional approach according to the research gathered by the National Reading Panel. It is dependent upon a number of factors including a child’s world knowledge, vocabulary and memory skills. Of all the skills children must acquire in their lives, reading is the most critical one for future success in school as well as throughout life (Healy, n.d). Reading can be defined as a “multifaceted process” (Leipzig,2011). In addition, reading is a process of constructing meaning by interacting with text as individuals read along with using their prior knowledge along with clues from the text to construct meaning. Research indicates that effective or expert readers are strategic (Baker & Brown, 1984). This means that they have purposes for their reading and adjust their reading to each purpose and for each reading task. Strategic readers use a variety of strategies and skills as they construct meaning (Paris, Wasik, & Turner, 1991). From a theorist perspective, Chall introduced her theory on the stages of reading development. Chall’s (1996) seminal works on the stages of development has benefits for both the students and the teachers. Chall’s stages of development can be said to help foster learning in the students and ensuring they become proficient readers and also helping the teachers in the teacher-learning process. In addition, “It is important to note that creativity is not a supplementary skill to cultivate in children but a necessity. A creative person is able to problem-solve, think critically, be innovative, make connections and synthesize information. A creative person also will be more compassionate and empathetic and will also improve their brain functions, leads to better concentration and makes them effective communicators” (Afridi,2018).
DeleteMany thanks Lyandra!
DeleteAccording to Graylin (2018), “to read is to fly: it is to soar to a point of vantage which gives a view over wide terrains of history, human variety, ideas, shared experiences and the fruit of many inquiries.” Reading can be defined as the ability to interpret and understand text or symbols at different conceptual levels, be it the mechanical levels for young children or the latent level for children in elementary or infant school. Chall (1996) six (6) stages of reading development, pre- reading, initial reading and decoding, confirmation and fluency, reading for learning the new, multiple viewpoints and construction and reconstruction, for children between the ages of six months to eighteen years, stressed the importance of interacting and teaching students at their correct level in order for them to become successful readers who will read to understand. Chall’s stages of development goes hand in hand with well-known theorist Vygotsky’s (1978), who believed that once assessment data has been gathered, instruction can be designed according to the child’s zone of proximal development in the literacy strand. As proven by experts such as Piaget (1936), reading is a progression which will improve cognitive development due to the level of higher order thinking and problem solving skills needed to decode symbols in order to reconstruct the intended meaning of the author. Reading is a gift of literacy that will take individuals beyond the shores intelligence and imagination so therefore it is the job of the parent and teacher to do what is necessary for a child to acquire it.
ReplyDeleteThank you so much for re-posting!
ReplyDeleteAccording to Chall's (1996) Seminal work, stages of reading development is critical for the learning and teaching process. It is a complex cognitive process of converting symbols in order to construct or derive meaning. Reading is the foundation in of every subject in ordebt comprehend and apply accordingly. Since reading is conceptual, it has different levels. The different levels categorize the different types of readers and how they read. Chall speaks about six stages and the age groups they would fall within. Stage 0: Pre-reading which ranges from birth to 6 years, Stage 1: Initial reading from ages 6 to 7 years, Stage 2: Conformation and fluency from ages 7 to 8, Stages 3: Reading for learning the new ages 9 to 13, Multiple viewpoints ages 15 to 17 and finally Stage 5: Construction and reconstruction which is 18+
ReplyDelete"The man who does not read good books has no advantage over the man who can't read them" Mark Tusain,1895 A.D. Reading as defined by Dianne Henry Leipzig is "a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency and motivation". This therefore means that reading does not only refers to being able to identify words on a page, but able to make inferences and comprehend the information.Reading is a complex process which begins according to an online article from the Mississippi College, "Importance of reading for Elementary students" long before entering school.The article suggested that reading and teaching children to read is complex process. According to C hall's (1996), there are six stages of development that are entirely consistent with the stages of instruction model which is advocated.The levels begins from stage zero pre- reading ages 6 months to 6 years to the final stage construction/reconstruction ages 18 years +. C hall's (1996) stages of reading can be of value to the content areas for a teacher,by enhancing the way a teacher teaches, enables better understanding on how reading is acquired, and determine which stage the child is at.
ReplyDeleteReading is a fundamental part of any individuals understanding of the vast world around us. It insights creativity and imagination as the reader is engulfed in the written content and spoken words embedded between the lines, Clugston R.W (2014).Reading isn't a one moment achievement but a process wrapped in a journey of developmental gain. Chall's Stages of reading development clearly supports this, as it highlights the various stages a readers goes through starting at the pre-reading stage ages 0-6 to the constructing and reconstructing stage 18 years and older. This shows the reader progress from a stage of simple articulation to understanding what is being read and using it as a professional gain. Marcy Mcleod Bethhune stated " The whole world opened to me when I learn to read', meaning reading creates possibilities and new ideas.
ReplyDeleteMany are of the notion that reading is a simple skill taught in the first few years of schooling, where individuals are able to identify and pronounce words. According to Schoenbach et al. (2012) reading is not a straightforward process of merely lifting words off the page, rather it is a complex process of problem solving in which the reader works to make sense of a text not just from the words and sentences on the page but also from the ideas, memories, and knowledge evoked by those words and sentences. Chall (1996) shared a similar sentiment where she theorized that reading is a process represented through her six stages of reading development. Chall’s stages of reading development aligns age ranges with fundamental reading skills, which suggests that reading skills build upon one another and develop in succession. Chall’s stages begin with manifest levels of reading where individuals are reading what is on the surface and progresses through to latent levels where individual goes deeper than the surface and draw conclusions based on evidence presented. Therefore, it is evident that reading does not only involve word recognition, but also comprehension where individuals make sense of words, and sentences. Mariam (1991) proposed that a major avenue of learning is through reading. Yet, if we do not understand what we are reading, we cannot learn or remember it. Comprehending is a major concerned, then, of all teachers who use printed material in the classroom.
ReplyDeleteReading is far from just the ability to call words aloud. According to William (1984), he defines reading as a process whereby one looks at and understands what has been written.
ReplyDeleteFurthermore, being able to read is being able to interpret a series of written symbols to the auditory equivalents as a way for the readers to make sense of the text they are reading and to reproduce the meaning of the reading itself (Nunan,1991).
It is the foundation necessary for many other important skills throughout life, especially in an age where education is the number one requirement for jobs. Without reading, that education cannot be achieved.
Reading is also a door for whimsical and realistic experiences, as it can be a very interactive process. Interactive in such a way that the author relates his or her experiences as well as other information, to the reader through written words (Brunan, 1989).
Chall (1996), added further knowledge to the meaning of reading by completing his research called the Stages of Reading Development. These 6 stages separate individuals based on their age, stating what they should be able to accomplish by that particular stage.
Dr Seuss states “The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you'll go,” reading is a concept that goes beyond calling out words, it is the ability to understand, according to Hughes (2007) “Reading is an interactive, problem-solving process of making meaning from texts.” Reading falls under several levels such as the Mechanical level (Lowest), the literal meaning, active outgoing and the personal level. There are two additional levels of reading, the Manifest Level which is How things appear and the latent level which is what you are able to infer. Chall (1996) seminal work on reading development posits 6 stages (stage 0-5) each stage catering for a different age group from birth to eighteen and above. These stages of reading development enhances the teaching learning process in many ways such as; facillitating test construction, creating awareness of reading problems and fostering research and practice. According to Kofi Annan “Literacy is a bridge from Misery to hope.” Reading is essential for one’s success as improves understanding, exposes you to new things and boasts your imagination and creativity.
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